Time travel exists. People are doing it around you all the time, slipping in and out of time warps and black holes. The mechanism of memory is in some way distorted, and it allows for altered states of consciousness. Time travel can be terrifying, confusing, jolting, and dissociating. This essay will explore states of suspension (dissociation), rupture (hyperarousal; caused by triggers), and simultaneity (flashbacks/intrusion), within the specific context of traumatic memory.
Antonio Damasio writes:
But there is another kind of time altogether. “Mind time” has to do with how we experience the passage of time and how we organize chronology. Despite the steady tick of the clock, duration can seem fast or slow, short or long. And this variability can happen on different scales, from decades, seasons, weeks and hours, down to the tiniest intervals of music – the span of a note or the moment of silence between two notes. We also place events in time, deciding when they occurred, in which order and on what scale, whether that of a lifetime or of a few seconds.[1]
Such “mind time” is not fixed. There is no way to measure it, except for noting affect. “Mind time” is unique to the individual and represents the spectrum in which we experience time. Affective states such as sadness, grief, and trauma greatly affect our experience of time. These experiences also destabilize our relationships with truth and reality, as memory (a mechanism of recalling real events) becomes elastic.[2]
This essay serves as the conceptual framework for a visual project about the experience of traumatic memory. How might a partnership of theoretical and scientific ideas lend itself to more authentic representations of lived traumatic reality? My interest in the project is twofold, combining an interest in perceptions of time with the urgency with which I feel issues of trauma must be dealt. However, many people have no idea how to relate to traumatic memory unless they experience it themselves.
The experience of traumatic memory is rooted in physiological changes, in addition to psychological effects. This means traumatic memory feels different. Symptoms alter consciousness.[3] They can’t be turned off; they can’t be lessened (except with medications). Even if the response is dulled chemically, the memory of the feeling remains, which can be just as disconcerting – the body remembers even as the mind seeks distance.
Affective states influence our experience of time and memory. In a study conducted by Alessandro Angrilli, Paolo Cherubuni, Antonella Pavese, and Sara Manfredini at University of Padua in Padua, Italy, researchers concluded that time estimation was affected by affective valence or arousal. In a study titled The International Affective Picture System: A Cross Cultural Validation Study, Bruno Verschuere, Geert Crombez, & Ernst Koster, paraphrasing an earlier finding by Lang, Bradley, and Cuthbert, note that “valence determines the direction, arousal the intensity of activation.”[4] Specifically relevant to this essay is the finding that if subjects were shown negative images (something that made them anxious, sad, afraid, and so on) during a high arousal state, the slide’s duration was overestimated.[5]The images that evoked these affective states distorted the viewers' experience of time to perceive it more slowly.
STILLNESS/SUSPENSION
It was as if time stopped
Time isn’t moving
No time has passed
Time goes on forever
Time stood still
Sometimes it’s as if we exist in Jell-O, suspended but able to see the world around us moving by. What does it mean for time to move slowly? How does this affect the experience of day-to-day living? When in a state of suspension, one experiences the utter stillness of time; catatonia; the restless rest. A deafening silence; incommunicable horror. Awake during anesthesia. Floating through space. Stillness overtakes everything, swallowing it whole. With stillness comes a degree of inaction, a dark resignation. Or perhaps it is more like a paralysis.[6] In this state of stillness, a person might feel utterly stuck; petrified; bound to the past and unable to move from it.
RUPTURE
Rupture is the moment of broken tension, of explosions, of intrusions. It is the moment one goes catapulting from stillness into simultaneity. Rupture is the moment that one becomes aware that today is not just today but it is also then, whenever then was. Then is the time that you were very afraid, very threatened. Then is the time that isn’t now, but is happening, anyway.
Flashbacks are a component unique to traumatic memory. They function as an overwhelming crescendo of sensations. Judith Herman writes, “The intense focus on fragmentary sensation, on image without context, gives the traumatic memory a heightened reality.”[7] What causes flashbacks has no rhyme or reason, ranging from the totally banal to the actually threatening. Because the nervous system is already heavily taxed due to hyperarousal, a flashback is never just a memory of a bad event – it is a full-on assault to any sense of present safety felt by the individual. The flashback is the rupture of the now.
SIMULTANEITY
Time travel is simultaneity, the experience of two time-places at once.
Overlap.
Continued existence fraught with terrors of the past.
Last night, last year, when you were five, right now.
If the way we live life normally is based on the narrative of chronology, what happens when that narrative is crudely interrupted? I will refer to this state as simultaneity, wherein an individual exists in two realities simultaneously as traumatic memories creep into daily, ongoing present life.
Simultaneity creates a unique reality, forcing unpredictable exposure to the past while living in the present. Trauma survivors experiencing this facet of memory are ghosts of and in their own past and present, living in a sort of purgatory. In this stage, memory is staccato, but also fluid, combining startling flashbacks of an unresolved past with the struggle to maintain in the present. It is the task of the survivor to negotiate these realities and bear their burdens. Because of the image-based nature of traumatic memory, it is very easy to succumb to this “alternate” reality – flashbacks can indeed be so vivid that they overtake present time and transport the survivor back to the traumatic event.
It is impossible to totally encapsulate the experience of traumatic memory within one essay, so the discourse must continue. Walter Benjamin writes, “Empathy with the past serves not least to make the past seem present.”[8] Ideally, such an attitude would become culturally pervasive. At the root of this work is the desire to create more spaces where empathy is present, where histories are not ignored nor forgotten. On a small scale, this means project spaces that show work steeped in, among other things, the ideas of this essay. On a large scale is political change that gives voice to survivors. Whether or not that is realistic is debatable, but the work will continue, for without it, survivors of trauma are that much less visible.
[1] Antonio Damaso, “Remembering When,” Scientific American Special Edition 16, no. 1
(2006) : 34.
[2] This is not to say the events did not occur. I mean the question of if they are happening now, in the present, or not.
[3] Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (New York: Basic Books, 1992, 1997), 34.
“The ordinary human response to danger is a complex, integrated system of reactions, encompassing both body and mind. Threat initially arouses the sympathetic nervous system, causing the person in danger to feel an adrenaline rush and go into a state of alert. Threat also concentrates a person’s attention on the immediate situation. In addition, threat may alter ordinary perceptions: people in danger are often able to disregard hunger, fatigue, or pain. Finally, threat evokes intense feelings of fear and anger. These changes in arousal, attention, perception, and emotion are normal, adaptive reactions. They mobilize the threatened person for strenuous action, either in battle or in flight.”
[4] Bruno Verschure, Geert Crombez, and Ernst Koster, “The International Affective Picture System: A Cross Cultural Validation Study,” (Ghent: University of Ghent, Date Unavailable), 3.
[5] Alessandro Angrilli and others, “The Influence of Affective Factors on Time
Perception,” Perception and Psychophysics 59, no. 6 (1997) : 978.
“At low levels of arousal the duration of negative slides was underestimated, while the duration of positive slides was overestimated. At high levels of arousal, however, positive slide duration was underestimated relative to the duration of negative slides. As seen in the HR results, negative slides, regardless of the arousal level, elicited a stronger orienting reaction from the subjects. This result suggests that more attention was paid to negative slides than to positive slides.”
[6] Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery…, 34.
“Traumatic reactions occur when action is of no avail. When neither resistance nor escape is possible, the human system of self-defense becomes overwhelmed and disorganized. Each component of the ordinary response to danger, having lost its utility, tends to persist in an altered and exaggerated state long after the actual danger is over. Traumatic events produce profound and lasting changes in physiological arousal, emotion, cognition, and memory. Moreover, traumatic events may sever these normally integrated functions from one another. The traumatized person may experience intense emotion but without clear memory of the event, or may remember everything in detail but without emotion. She may find herself in a constant state of vigilance and irritability without knowing why. Traumatic symptoms have a tendency to become disconnected from their source and to take on a life of their own.”
[7] Ibid, Trauma and Recovery, 38.
[8] Walter Benjamin, On the Concept of History (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 2003), 401.
No comments:
Post a Comment